Levi may well have approached the banister in the hope of finding her in the staircase. Sign up for our newsletters and don’t miss a thing. . En 1964, Primo Levi collabore à une émission radiophonique de la RAI consacrée à Si c'est un homme. At a commemorative gathering at a high school in Rome, he revealed that Levi called him on the telephone "ten minutes before" he died. In Semprun's view, Levi's demise could be interpreted not as a consequence of having been in the camp as such, but of having written about it. Still, the circumstances surrounding that telephone call are not very clear. Bien qu'il s'agisse effectivement de « deux types d'enfer[36]», qu'on y soit soumis à des conditions de travail inhumaines, avec une pitance dérisoire en inadéquation totale avec la charge de travail, Levi estime que leur nature est différente, personne n'étant censé sortir du Lager, alors que ce n'était pas le cas du Goulag, et que la mortalité dans le goulag s'élevait à 30 % au pire contre 90-98 % dans les camps nazis[37]. His response was prompted by someone in the audience who mentioned the doubts voiced by Levi Montalcini and Mendel about why Levi should have chosen such a messy way to commit suicide given that he had better alternatives. Reported by Mirna Cicioni, Primo Levi: Bridges of Knowledge. Après la chute de Mussolini le 25 juillet 1943, il tente de rejoindre le groupe de résistants antifascistes du Partito d'Azione mais il est arrêté le 13 He was 67 years old when he died. En 1925, Primo entre à l'école primaire Felice Rignon à Turin. Furthermore, Toaff told me that he did not know Levi and had never met or spoken with him before that day. L'auteur lutta farouchement auprès du public, et de la jeunesse surtout, contre toute tentative de banalisation ou de révisionnisme des camps, décriant le négationnisme de Robert Faurisson, et rejetant toute proposition d'équivalence entre Goulag soviétique et Lager nazi après la publication de l'Archipel du Goulag et autres œuvres d'Alexandre Soljenitsyne à la fin des années 1960. En 1986, il publie Racconti e saggi (également inclus dans L'Asymétrie et la Vie). As Levi says in the chapter devoted to Jean Améry in The Drowned and the Saved, many suicides admit "to a nebula of explanations." I clearly remember that I fell down for a quarter of a mile on an icy slope while ski mountaineering and nearly killed myself, but I do not now remember the day it was or even the year. Primo Levi carried this burden until the end, constantly reminding everybody of “what happened”. Two years ago, on the tenth anniversary of his death, Elio Toaff, the Chief Rabbi of Rome, made a startling disclosure. En 1985, Primo Levi se rend aux États-Unis pour un cycle de conférences de 20 jours, qui l'éprouve fortement. Finally, "like depression suicide is familial, with relatives of suicides having roughly ten times higher risk of suicide than that of the population." "Until the day of his death I was convinced he was the most serene person in the world," Norberto Bobbio said.5 Still, no one showed much difficulty in coming to terms with it. He may have decided on impulse, through an internal chemistry we shall never discover. Jorge Semprun, a writer who was interned as a communist in Buchenwald and was freed on April 11, 1945, exactly forty-two years before Levi's death, recently offered an account that might explain this fact. Le roman est récompensé par les prix Campiello et Viareggio. 2. Confronting the many challenges of COVID-19—from the medical to the economic, the social to the political—demands all the moral and deliberative clarity we can muster. Lui-même avait déclaré souffrir de dépression. Son ami et médecin, David Mendel, affirme qu'il est possible que Primo Levi soit tombé à la suite d'un étourdissement provoqué par les antidépresseurs qu'il prenait à l'époque[34]. Their immense value sprang from that fusion: his life seemed to exemplify the possibilities of human decency explored in his books, and to stand as evidence that those possibilities were not mere wishful thinking. D'ailleurs, le style quasi scientifique de Levi à propos de son expérience à Auschwitz ne laisse pas paraître de haine envers ses bourreaux. Son père prétexte ne pas goûter la vie campagnarde pour demeurer à Turin, où il peut s'adonner librement à ses infidélités[7]. He told Bianca Guidetti Serra, a close friend, that his depression was unrelated to Auschwitz. D'un témoignage rédigé à la première personne, il passe à une analyse scientifique. La plupart de ses biographes, notamment Carole Angier et Ian Thomson[32], abondent dans le sens du légiste, qui conclut que Levi s'est suicidé. The alternative hypothesis—that soon after the concierge's visit he suddenly reopened the door and went to the banister for the purpose of hurling himself down the stairwell—seems to me less convincing. Myriam Anissimov, Primo Levi: La Tragédie d'un optimiste (Paris: Lattès, 1996), p. 591. I think it was the memory of those years which lead him towards his death. Cela l'amène souvent à évoquer la dépravation des nazis, ainsi que le manque de repentir et de recherche de rédemption manifesté par la plupart des Allemands, dont de nombreux agents de l'exploitation de la main-d'œuvre esclave des camps. Printing Note: For best printing results try turning on any options your web browser's print dialog makes available for printing backgrounds and background graphics. You’ll also enjoy exclusive membership benefits. Primo Levi ne regagnera cependant pas Turin avant le 19 octobre de cette année, après avoir passé un certain temps dans le camp de transit soviétique pour anciens prisonniers des camps de Staryïa Darohi, dans l'actuelle Biélorussie. When discussing the other writer-survivors who committed suicide—not only Améry but also Paul Celan—he shows no special empathy for or understanding of what they did. En octobre 1948 naît Lisa Levi. Speculating about a person's mental chemistry to establish whether the person committed suicide leads us to a dead end. A third group, especially in Turin's Jewish community, said he was greatly upset by the controversy, sparked by revisionist historians in Germany and France, over the extent and uniqueness of the Holocaust. Lorsque l'idée de gagner la Palestine et de participer à la construction du foyer national juif devient clairement leur objectif, l'équipée gagne la Pologne puis l'Allemagne, avant que les survivants du groupe ne soient officiellement reçus dans un territoire aux mains des Alliés en tant que personnes déplacées. 12. This is to the left of the elevator, in the section of the landing where the descending ramp begins. The proportional contribution of the head to one's total weight is greater the thinner one is, and Levi was thin, about 120 pounds. Mussolini est rapidement libéré par les Allemands et installé à la tête de la République de Salò, un État fantoche d'une extrême violence dont le territoire se limite à la partie nord de l'Italie encore occupée par l'Allemagne. And since "the rage of resentment is somehow linked to self-destruction"—as Levi himself had pointed out analyzing the suicide of Jean Améry, another writer who survived Auschwitz—his final book on the camp should be seen "as the bitterest of suicide notes." Quoted in Cicioni, Primo Levi: Bridges of Knowledge, p. 171. Levi's grandfather committed suicide. She had barely reached her cubicle on the ground floor, she later told the police, when she heard Levi's body hit the bottom of the stairs by the elevator. An accidental death, then, is fully consistent with what we know about the end of Levi's life. Si c'est un homme est suivi d'un carnet résultant des discussions avec les étudiants et se lit à l'étranger. The banister's height on the sloping segment at the corner drops by about six inches every step and offers decreasing protection. These considerations challenge the plausibility of suicide, however, only if we have in mind the premeditated kind. The really mystifying puzzle now is not whether he killed himself but why, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, Levi's biographers, Angier but also Ian Thomson (Primo Levi, 2002), persist in believing that he did. He had also been imprisoned in the infamous Concentration Camps and was lucky enough to escape. Écrire sur un tel objet, c'est traduire en mots ce qui n'en a pas. Levi sounded distressed. Lors de la fête du Nouvel An juif en 1946, il rencontre Lucia Morpurgo qui lui propose de lui apprendre à danser. For some months, he had been taking anti-depressants prescribed by his cousin Giorgio Luzzati.12 David Mendel, a retired British cardiologist who befriended Levi near the end of his life, received a letter from the writer dated February 7, 1987: "I have fallen into a rather serious depression; I have lost all interest in writing and even in reading. Il écrit sur tous les bouts de papier qui lui tombent sous la main, y compris les tickets de train. It gives one a greater sense of void than a square one.". There is no denying the awesome oppressive force of the nightmare Levi describes at the end of The Truce. En juin 1947, Primo Levi démissionne brutalement de DUCO pour diriger un bureau de consultant en chimie, dont les locaux sont situés au dernier étage de la maison des parents de Salmoni. As David Mendel later acknowledged, his first reconstruction was partially inaccurate. L'infiltré appelle en renfort la milice fasciste et prend la tête d'une rafle. Le fait qu'il soit mort volontairement ou par accident constitue donc un commentaire final sur la validité de son propre message, lucide, positif et humaniste. En 1965 paraît une collection des poèmes de Levi sous le titre de L'osteria di Brema. It is a dream within a dream, varied in detail, one in substance. En juillet 1934, à l'âge de quatorze ans, il présente l'examen d'admission au lycée classique Massimo d'Azeglio, où se poursuit l'enseignement du gymnase, et y est reçu en candidat libre. 15. En janvier 1947, Primo Levi propose le manuscrit aux éditeurs, mais les dissensions de la guerre persistent au sein de la société et le candidat n'a pas un passé littéraire qui lui donnerait une réputation d'auteur et garantirait les ventes. The very act of surviving is felt (at least by those who survived long enough to be interviewed by Hass in the late 1980s) as a way of bearing witness against genocide. Il participe à des compétitions d'athlétisme clandestines organisées par des amis dans un stade de sport abandonné. "3 No signs of violence unrelated to the fall were found on his body.4 At 12:00, barely an hour and a half after the event, I heard the news on the radio in Rome. Primo Levi doit alors faire face aux critiques de la gauche, car son approche élégiaque du travail comme moyen d'épanouissement personnel néglige les aspects les plus sordides de l'exploitation ouvrière, ainsi que toute critique sociale[29]. What he read instead was "a letter full of vitality, of expectations and projects. En effet, il ne commença à écrire qu'après sa détention à Auschwitz. 115, 122-3, 131. Primo Levi revient au corso Re Umberto, où personne ne l'attend. She found it "disconcerting that of all the various 'lessons' that might have been drawn from Levi's penetrations, the one most prevalent is also the coarsest and the most misleading: uplift." Is Primo Levi still alive? I have a photograph of Primo holding those banisters, which are well below waist-height; I think that on the point of fainting, he reached for them to steady himself and fell. That’s why you’ll never see a paywall or ads. Could Levi have unintentionally fallen over that banister? Now this inner dream, this dream of peace, is over, and in the outer dream, which continues, gelid, a well-known voice resounds: a single word, not imperious, but brief and subdued. My mother is ill with cancer and every time I look at her face I remember the faces of those men stretched on the benches at Auschwitz." This corresponds to the fourth floor in the United States convention. The succession of the events is puzzling. One is too busy trying to survive there, he said, to have any energy left to think about anything else, even suicide. This does not leave much room for the clean fall of a human body. Ces chiffres demeurent contestables en fonction des goulags pris en exemple. He was 68 years old. It was a raptus [a mental seizure] due to a melancholic depression of a psychotic type. Death . "The mind of a suicide can be in a state which is not analyzable by ordinary criteria," Toaff told me. Bien que sa vie se soit indéniablement améliorée, le passé subsiste et revient souvent à lui, particulièrement lorsque l'un de ses amis d'Auschwitz a des ennuis ou meurt. Furthermore, Levi picked not just a hazardous but a messy and theatrical option that exposed his relatives to a gruesome sight—a gesture in sharp contrast, as Levi Montalcini also pointed out, with the writer's sober and restrained style. 4. Selon Levi, les agents de la Shoah ont, outre leur tentative d'annihilation totale d'un peuple indépendant par une race dite « supérieure », sciemment calculé que cette tentative tomberait dans le déni ou l'oubli une fois la guerre terminée, alors qu'il s'agissait, et Primo Levi le répète à plusieurs reprises, d'un terrain expérimental pour une entreprise hautement organisée et mécanisée, qui a poussé la récupération des sous-produits jusqu'à l'utilisation des cendres produites par la crémation des corps pour construire des routes[35]. If even Levi, the voice of cool, rational coping with the trauma of Auschwitz, could take his own life, maybe the possibility of psychologically surviving the Holocaust didn’t really exist. Ici, Primo Levi ne donne pas de sources à ces estimations, voir appendice à. Entretien avec Anna Bravo et Fedérico Cereja, introduction et postface de F. Cereja, traduit de l'italien par Joël Gayraud, Paris, Éditions Mille et une nuits. Recently Camon said that Levi posted it that very Saturday morning during a walk he took before his fatal fall. En 1985 paraît un recueil d'articles précédemment publiés dans La Stampa, sous le titre L’altrui mestiere (inclus en français dans L'Asymétrie et la Vie). Le Système périodique a été salué par le Royal Institute de Londres, le 19 octobre 2006, comme « le meilleur livre de science jamais écrit[28]. Shaken, Camon thought: "Now he explains to me why he is about to commit suicide." L'interprétation d'Elie Wiesel, qui défend la thèse du suicide, a été acceptée jusqu'à ce jour, sans que l'on sache encore si elle est fondée sur des faits ou sur une intuition personnelle. Cependant, en 1938, le gouvernement fasciste déclare que les Juifs sont une impureté au sein du peuple italien, et promulgue en juillet de cette année des lois raciales, dont l'une a pour effet de restreindre, avant d'interdire totalement aux citoyens juifs, de s'inscrire dans les écoles publiques. Boston Review is a public space for the discussion of ideas and culture. This unsettling question was not voiced publicly in Italy. En effet, son œuvre est communément interprétée comme une puissante affirmation de la vie face à des puissances violentes et guerrières organisées. Even those who thought we would never know exactly why he did it, and those who thought he was struck by a sudden urge, never for a moment seem to have suspected an accident. And this would not be the first time that a police inquiry reached a conclusion without an in-depth investigation. The Rabbi did not reply. In the United States, by contrast, it came right into the open. We do know that in the period leading up to his death, Levi was going through a severe episode of depression. Ses expériences professionnelles de cette époque feront la matière d'ouvrages ultérieurs. Whatever its solution, the evidence provided by Rabbi Toaff is hardly as decisive as it may initially have seemed. Understandably, Camon cannot square this act with a suicide. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 2 avril 2021 à 20:26. Agé de 43 ans, père de deux enfants, responsable d'un travail important, figure publique effectuant de nombreux voyages, il demeure tourmenté par son passé et est mal secouru par la médecine. We do know that in the period leading up to his death, Levi was going through a severe episode of depression. Pour cause de secret militaire, Primo Levi doit travailler sous un faux nom, avec de faux papiers. En 1950, ayant fait la preuve de son talent chez Accatti, il est promu directeur technique de SIVA[25]. Franz Stangl, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, were sentenced to death in the War Crimes Trial, but Ilse Koch, Gustav Wagner, Changes in the weather bring the fear of death in Auschwitz. Thus, if we assume that his suicide was caused by the unbearable memories of the camp, we must question the accuracy of his self-report. This is uncharacteristic of his style, as by all accounts he was a considerate man. Il restera rongé par ce « vilain secret », qu'il n'avouera qu'en 1975[17]. C'est au cours de son séjour à la mine qu'il rédige ses deux premières histoires courtes, qui seront réintégrées bien des années plus tard dans Le Système périodique. En 1974, il prend une semi-retraite afin de se consacrer à l'écriture et de se soulager de ses responsabilités à la SIVA[27]. The accident hypothesis is disarmingly natural. This chain of events suggests that if he did commit suicide he certainly did not plan it. Primo Levi was born on July 31, 1919, in Turin, Italy. "14 She expressed what probably many others, myself included, silently suspected. En 1939, Primo Levi commence à pratiquer activement la randonnée en montagne[14], que lui apprend son ami Sandro Delmastro, futur héros de la lutte partisane. He lived most of his life in the spacious apartment on Corso Re Umberto where he grew up. Levi est diplômé de l'école en 1937, mais mis en cause pour avoir ignoré une convocation de la Marine royale italienne la semaine précédant ses examens, et peut-être pour des raisons d'ordre antisémite, il devra repasser son diplôme, à la fin de l'été 1938. Still, though brutal, the conclusions of Wieseltier and others cannot be so easily dismissed. L'exercice physique, le risque, la lutte contre les éléments lui fournissent une soupape de décompression par rapport à toutes les frustrations qu'il rencontre dans la vie. Levi left no will. Le camp d'Auschwitz n'était pas un acte isolé mais un prototype qui aurait été appliqué à l'Europe entière si Hitler avait gagné la guerre. Still, population statistics are no evidence on which to settle individual cases. Maybe Levi called on the Friday before sunset or even the week before. Leon Wieseltier, in The New Republic, wrote, "He spoke for the bet that there is no blow from which the soul may not recover. One could perhaps reject those remarks as unfounded, even unfair. Moreover, had he been the object of threats or abuse, his family would have no reason to keep that secret. From the concierge descended on foot the ample spiral staircase occupied in the nature of hell to on. 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